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The paradox of Belarusian authoritarianism

Parliamentary elections in Belarus have always been a mere formality. Low voter turnout and minimal public attention during parliamentary elections make them safer in terms of legitimizing the system through the electoral model. For the Belarusian regime, the parliament and the elections to it are a kind of initiation ritual in the system’s personnel policy.

Why are parliamentary elections being held in Belarus? Despite risks for the regime, elections persist in a country where one person has been president since 1994, and the process of electing members to parliament and local councils seems more like appointments. The next elections will take place on February 25th 2024 and will see members chosen for the lower house of parliament alongside local council deputies. Then on April 4th, elections will be held for the upper house and the All-Belarusian People’s Assembly. For the Belarusian regime, it is particularly important to hold elections at all levels, even in such challenging geopolitical conditions. This is a crucial element in the legitimation and initiation of people in power.

February 7, 2024 - Anton Saifullayeu - Hot TopicsIssue 1-2 2024Magazine

Since coming to power in 1994, Belarusian stongman Alyaksandr Lukashenka has developed a strategy to use elections as the main lever of legitimizing his power. Photo: kremlin.ru (CC) wikimedia.commons.org

Democratic elections came to Belarus, as in all countries of the former USSR, in the early 1990s. However, were the first elections in Belarus genuinely democratic? Despite international recognition, labelling them as democratic is challenging. The challenge lies within the society, and more specifically Soviet society. The first three years of the country’s independence were a challenging transitional period from Soviet norms to independence. It is difficult to claim that the society was Belarusian during this time. Speaking about a society understanding the basic principles of democracy after 70 years under a totalitarian state is impossible. Prior to that, the Belarusian lands were a part of the Russian Empire, which did not particularly distinguish itself with the development of democracy.

Essentially, Belarusians never had the experience of free choice. The society in the early 1990s was more Belarusian-Soviet, with an old set of values and understanding of power. This explains the victory of the Soviet populist Alyaksandr Lukashenka over Stanislav Shushkevich  (who was accused of bringing about the USSR’s collapse) and the national-populist Zianon Pazniak. Overall, it is clear that Pazniak served as a kind of nemesis for the old nomenklatura, as he said that he would put every single communist in jail and make everyone speak Belarusian.

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