The abbreviation UPA refers to the controversial Ukrainian Insurgent Army, a symbol of resistance for many Ukrainians. At the same time, the UPA is also a symbol of the mass killings and ethnic cleansing of Polish civilians in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia during the Second World War.
Polish society’s relationship with Ukraine currently faces numerous problems. An early enthusiasm for aiding Ukrainians fleeing Russian aggression has often given way to anti-migrant sentiment. New thinking is needed in both Poland and Ukraine in order to maintain constructive bilateral links.
Without solving historical issues, Polish-Ukrainian relations will be neither healed nor improved. They are burdened by a dispute over the commemoration of Polish victims on Ukrainian soil from the Second World War, as well as diverging perceptions of Polish involvement in helping Ukraine after the full-scale Russian invasion.
July 11th 2018 marks the 75th anniversary of the mass killing of Poles in Volhynia by Ukrainian nationalists. In anticipation of the anniversary and the ongoing public debate, the Polish research centre CBOS has surveyed Poles on their memory of the massacre and their perception of Ukraine today. The survey “Volhynia 1943 – memory being recovered” gives clear, but not very optimistic answers.
As we are well into the fifth year of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, old questions are beginning to stir from beneath the surface, particularly: how should the West engage with Russia, if at all?
The consequences of Russia’s invasion are visible not only in Ukraine. The Kremlin has set off or exploited a series of crises that face most European countries.
The invasion by Russian forces of Ukraine from the north, south and east – with the initial aim to take the capital Kyiv – has changed our region, and indeed our world, forever.
Only a year ago we witnessed the second Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan. It took at least 5,000 lives and significantly shifted the geopolitics in the South Caucuses.
This special issue aims to honour the plight of Belarusians whose democratic choice made in August 2020 was shamelessly snubbed by Alyaksandr Lukashenka.
The Black Sea region is quickly becoming a geopolitical battleground which is gaining the interest of major powers, regional players and smaller countries – and the stakes are only getting higher.
This issue is dedicated to the 10 year anniversary of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership as well as the 30 years since the 1989 revolutions in Central Europe.
In the eastern parts of the European continent, 1918 is remembered not only as the end of the First World War, but also saw the emergence of newly-independent states and the rise of geopolitical struggles which are felt until this day.
It often seems, at least from the outside, that Belarus remains isolated from the West and very static in its transformation. Yet, despite its relative isolation, Belarus is indeed changing.
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